Create an Instructions for Research Proposal (Introduction Section)
Due Date: At the Friday by midnight
Requirements: Introduction Section and References page
•
Introduction Section: This section should be 3 full pages in length, not including the
title, abstract, or reference section. The purpose of an introduction section for an
empirical psychology paper is to “sell” the reader on the importance of the research you
conducted. Specifically, for this assignment, you should write an introduction section
using the articles you submitted to me last week.
•
References: You should reference at least 5 peer-reviewed, scholarly journal articles
(i.e., they need to be from scientific journals, not Psychology Today). Additionally, they
should all be formatted in APA style.
Format:
•
APA Format!
o Example:
https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/research_and_citation/apa_style/apa_formatting_and_
style_guide/apa_sample_paper.html
Guide for Writing an Introduction Section for an Empirical Psychology Paper
The purpose of an introduction section for an empirical psychology paper is to “sell” the reader on the importance of
the research you conducted (or, in your case, the research you are proposing).
First Paragraph: Introduce and sell the topic of your research to the reader – make the reader believe that the topic
of your research is interesting and important. Begin by selling the topic as intrinsically important by making an
interesting broad statement or asking a question (see #1 below). Then, sell the topic as theoretically important by
discussing how prior research has explored the topic (see #2 below). Then, sell your specific research on the topic by
pointing out how prior research has left some questions about your topic unanswered (see #3 below). Put another
way…
1.
Present a broad statement or question.
2.
Briefly address how prior researchers have addressed this question (or similar/related questions) – be sure to provide
citations.
3.
Based on prior research about your question (i.e., based on the stuff you just said), state what part(s) of this question
remain unanswered or controversial. State, “The present (or proposal) aims to address this issue.”
Body Paragraphs: Summarize some prior research on a particular aspect of your topic. This paragraph should go
into more detail about some of the research you brought up in your first paragraph (i.e., #2-3 above). Each body
paragraph should discuss research that represents some central premise for your argument regarding the importance
of your research. If you find multiple studies that draw a similar conclusion, present them in the same body
paragraph.
Final Paragraph: State why the findings you discussed above combine to make your research important, plausible,
and unique. Clearly state your hypothesis, and make it very clear why testing this hypothesis is important in the
context of prior research/theory and real-world
issues……………………………………………………………….….. For this assignment (and, to a slightly lesser
extent, for your Final Research Proposal), don’t worry if your study doesn’t seem earth-shatteringly important……
If you’re struggling to construct an argument for why your research is important, just make the argument that there
hasn’t been enough prior research on your topic, so your research aims to add evidence to the issue.
Introduction Material to complete task
Topic: Are children’s choice of moral decisions more efficient than those of adults in
modern society?
1. Beißert, H. M., & Hasselhorn, M. (2016). Individual Differences in Moral Development: Does
Intelligence Really Affect Children’s Moral Reasoning and Moral Emotions?. Frontiers in
psychology, 7, 1961. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01961
2. Bucciarelli, M. (2015). Moral dilemmas in females: children are more utilitarian than
adults. Frontiers in psychology, 6, 1345. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01345
3. Gautam, S., Owen Hall, R., Suddendorf, T., & Redshaw, J. (2023). Counterfactual choices and
moral judgments in children. Child Development. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdev.13943
4. Hardecker, S., Buryn-Weitzel, J. C., & Tomasello, M. (2019). Adult instruction limits children’s
flexibility in moral decision making. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 187, 104652.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jecp.2019.06.005
5. Ke, T. (2023). The development of children’s autonomy and reasonable paternalistic
intervention. Humanities and Social Sciences Communications, 10(1), 1-7.
https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-023-02395-2
6. Kim, M., Decety, J., Wu, L., Baek, S., & Sankey, D. (2021). Neural computations in children’s
third-party interventions are modulated by their parents’ moral values. NPJ science of
learning, 6(1), 38. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41539-021-00116-5
7. Limone, P., & Toto, G. A. (2022). Origin and Development of Moral Sense: A Systematic
Review. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, 887537. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.887537
8. Neldner, K., Crimston, C., Wilks, M., Redshaw, J., & Nielsen, M. (2018). The developmental
origins of moral concern: An examination of moral boundary decision making throughout
childhood. PLoS One, 13(5), e0197819. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0197819
9. Powell, N. L., Derbyshire, S. W., & Guttentag, R. E. (2012). Biases in children’s and adults’
moral judgments. Journal of experimental child psychology, 113(1), 186-193.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jecp.2012.03.006
10. Probst, S., Nowack, A., & Warneken, F. (2023). Children’s moral reasoning about self- versus
other-benefiting public health measures. Journal of experimental child psychology, 229, 105623.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jecp.2022.105623

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Writing Summaries of Scientific Journal
Articles (Article Summary Papers)
To earn the points for this experience, you may write up to ten article summary papers.
Article summaries are submitted via the GEP PSY 2012 Webcourses and
are NOT submitted to your instructor.
Each paper will be worth up to one (1) of your ten (10) points, depending on how
carefully you follow the instructions and rubric below.
What Should Be In An Article Summary?
•
•
•
Each paper needs to be between 800-1,000 words- no more and no less. Indicate the
total word count at the top of your paper on the first page.
You must also use 12-point Times New Roman font.
You need to save your file as either Microsoft Word format or rich text format (.rtf) in
order for the summary to be uploaded to Webcourses. It is your responsibility to
ensure that your file is saved correctly and in the correct file format before the
deadline. It is also your responsibility to ensure that you can successfully upload your
•
•
•
•
article summary into the system prior to the deadline and that your summary is
submitted in the correct assignment in this webcourse. Do not wait until the last
minute to upload your article summaries in case you experience technical problems.
Your paper will automatically be submitted to Turnitin upon submission, to determine
how another author’s work was used in the assignment. Make sure you take notes
while reading the selected article in your own words. Do not copy and paste directly
from the selected article because matches to other authors’ works of 30% or more
will result in an automatic zero (0) for the assignment.
At the top of your summary, you must include your name, the name of the article you
selected, the name of the journal that the article was taken from, name of the authors
of the article, and your total word count. An example is below:
o Student name
o Name of article
o Name of journal that the article was in
o Authors names
o Word count
Your summary should not include any direct quotations from the article you selected.
Put everything in your own words and do not summarize the abstract section of the
article.
You should summarize a recent research journal article from one of the American
Psychological Association (APA) journals listed in the table below. Please note that
you will receive a zero if your summary is on a paper that is not from one of the
journals listed below and/or it is not clear from your title page whether you used one
of these journals.
Remember! If you upload your file in any format that is not Microsoft Word
(.doc or .docx) or rich text format (.rtf) your paper will receive a zero. Also,
you will receive deductions if you do not follow all of the instructions carefully
(see below grading rubric).
List of Approved Journals for Article Summaries
List of Approved Journals for Article Summaries (you must select an article from on
http://www.apa.org/journals/bne/
http://www.apa.org/journals/cbs/
http://www.apa.org/journals/cep/
http://www.apa.org/journals/cdp/
http://www.apa.org/journals/fsh/
http://www.apa.org/journals/xge/
Paper Rubric
Criteria
INFORMATION & JOURNAL Include all
REQUIREMENTS: Student
Requirements
Name, Name of Article &
Journal, Article Author Name,
Article taken from list provided,
0.25 point
Total word count provided
Ratings
Includes at least 3
Requirements
Includes less than 3
Requirements
0.13 points
0 points
CONTENT REQUIREMENTS:
200-399 Words or
800-1000 Words
600-799 Words with 400-599 Words with
less than 25%
**199 or Less Words will
with 75% Summary & 50% Summary with 25% Summary with
Summary with more receive NO points for the
25% Opinion of the 50% Opinion of the 75% Opinion of the
than 75% Opinion of submission
article
article
article
the article
Summary/Opinion Breakdown
Word Count
0.75 points
0.50 points
0.25 points
0 points
0 on the overall assignment
Total Points: 1.00
Please be very careful to follow all of these instructions because you will receive
deductions (out of the 1.0 possible point) for each mistake (graded independently for
each paper). Here is the grading rubric we will use on your summary:
*We will utilize Turnitin.com when grading article summaries. This is an automated
system instructors can use to quickly and easily compare each student’s assignment with
billions of websites, published articles, as well as an enormous database of student
papers that grows with each submission. The system assigns a plagiarism score and a
score to indicate if an AI was used to write the submission. You will be expected to
submit assignments through the Webcourse Assignment Tool in electronic format. After
the assignment is processed, a report is generated from Turnitin.com that states if and
how another author’s work was used in the assignment. An overall score for the use of
others work is generated as well as a score for the detection of AI in the submission. For
a more detailed look at this process, visit http://www.turnitin.comLinks to an external
site.. If there is an excessive plagiarism match (i.e., 30% or more) or high AI detection (i.e.,
50% or more) based on the Turnitin report, you will receive a zero (0) for the
submission, not just a point reduction. In addition, your professor may be notified so that
they can take corrective action. Please see the University’s Golden Rule Student
HandbookLinks to an external site. for the policy regarding academic misconduct. If the
excessive plagiarism match or high AI detection score is above the noted cut-offs, you
can resubmit the assignment one additional time before the due date to fix the issue.
However, after the second submission, if the plagiarism or AI score is above the noted
cut-offs, the score of zero will be assigned, and it will not be reconsidered or regraded.
**If a submission has less than a 200-word summary it will receive a zero (0). This
assignment is designed to assess your ability to examine the content of a journal article,
a very short summary is not sufficient.

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Ingrid Valerio
May 12th, 2019
1. What were the highlights of this week’s clinical?
I had the opportunity to train in icannotes for PMHNP care plans, treatment plans and
new patient assessments for 2 hours. I also had the opportunity to
2. What challenges did you face?
It was difficult driving for hours for clinicals also being there till 10pm. I like to have
work life balance and am unable to afford to quit my job.
3. Recall any online content that you have studied for the clinical.
My preceptor works with older medications, so Stahls Prescription Guide was very
useful. She is also well versed with group therapy and interventions. I also used the
clinical documentation book.
4. Which chief complaints did you see more often this week?
I saw 2 schizophrenic new patients, 1 suicidal ideation because of severe depression and
the rest were substance use disorder and bipolar.
5. List one set of guidelines that you reviewed as a result of your clinical experience this
week.
I reviewed the guidelines for bipolar disorders, treatment and interventions as well as
medications. Side effects and therapeutic plan (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
6. What are the most common differential diagnoses that you saw this week?
Bipolar (manic phase) and schizophrenia.
7. How did you apply what you have learned?
8. List one plan of care for one of the patients you saw this week, including all five aspects
of the plan.
22 year old female patient with a diagnosis of bipolar disorder.
SMART GOAL
START
DATE
DUE
DATE
Patient and her family/support system will develop a safety plan/no 5/12/2019
self-harm contract in next appointment.
5/20/2018
Patient will become involved for at least 20 minutes of physical
activity at least three times per week target date 4 weeks.
5/12/2019
6/12/2019
Patient will identify and learn at least 2 coping skills.
5/12/2019
5/20/2019
Patient will score below 11 in GAD 7 for 4 consecutive sessions.
5/12/2019
6/12/2019
9. What have you seen in the clinical environment that we haven’t covered in the online
course?
Psychiatric mental health assessment and care planning. I believe they were briefly discussed
but not thorough to develop a plan.
References
American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 5th
ed. American Psychiatric Publishing, Arlington, VA; 2013
Ingrid Valerio
May 19th, 2019
1. What were the highlights of this week’s clinical?
I was able to conduct initial assessment on three new patients. I went to clinicals
Thursday and all day Saturday. One of my patients had a diagnosis of schizophrenia and I
also had two other bipolar patients new to my preceptors practice.
2. What challenges did you face?
It was difficult driving for hours for clinicals also being there till 10pm. I like to have
work life balance and am unable to afford to quit my job. I also have another part time
job to pay for school and I feel even though the college does say you are able to work in
practice its not possible due to not having preceptors for PMHNP students.
3. Recall any online content that you have studied for the clinical.
Stahls Prescription Guide was very useful. I visited UpToDate for more current
information and treatment options for the patients my preceptor was seeing and the
medications the patients were on.
4. Which chief complaints did you see more often this week?
Most patients the preceptor schedules them to come every 4 days depending on if the
patient has an acute episode and to keep ambulatory. Insomnia and anxiety related to
depression and bipolar disorders.
5. List one set of guidelines that you reviewed as a result of your clinical experience this
week.
I reviewed the guidelines for bipolar disorders, treatment and interventions as well as
medications. Side effects and therapeutic plan (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
6. What are the most common differential diagnoses that you saw this week?
Bipolar (manic phase) and schizophrenia.
7. How did you apply what you have learned?
8. List one plan of care for one of the patients you saw this week, including all five aspects
of the plan.
22 year old female patient with a diagnosis of bipolar disorder.
SMART GOAL
START
DATE
DUE
DATE
Patient and her family/support system will develop a safety plan/no 5/12/2019
self-harm contract in next appointment.
5/20/2018
Patient will become involved for at least 20 minutes of physical
activity at least three times per week target date 4 weeks.
5/12/2019
6/12/2019
Patient will identify and learn at least 2 coping skills.
5/12/2019
5/20/2019
Patient will score below 11 in GAD 7 for 4 consecutive sessions.
5/12/2019
6/12/2019
9. What have you seen in the clinical environment that we haven’t covered in the online
course?
Psychiatric mental health assessment and care planning. I believe they were briefly discussed
but not thorough to develop a plan.
References
American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 5th
ed. American Psychiatric Publishing, Arlington, VA; 2013
Ingrid Valerio
May 25th, 2019
1. What were the highlights of this week’s clinical?
I was able to conduct initial assessment on two new patients. I went to clinicals Thursday
and all day Saturday. One of my patients had a diagnosis of bipolar and the other
dementia.
2. What challenges did you face?
I tend to work better with clear guidelines and expectations. I do not want my preceptor
to feel I am overstepping. She can be a little brusque and short. It makes me feel like a
child, so I try to be mindful and respectful of what she allows or wants me to do. It was
difficult driving for hours for clinicals also being there till 10pm, I was so tired from my
2 jobs that my husband ended taking me.
3. Recall any online content that you have studied for the clinical.
Stahls Prescription Guide was very useful. I visited UpToDate for more current
information and treatment options for the patients my preceptor was seeing and the
medications the patients were on.
4. Which chief complaints did you see more often this week?
Most patients the preceptor schedules them to come every 4 days depending on if the
patient has an acute episode and to keep ambulatory. Insomnia and anxiety related to
depression and bipolar disorders.
5. List one set of guidelines that you reviewed as a result of your clinical experience this
week.
I reviewed the guidelines for manic depression, generalized anxiety disorders treatment
and interventions as well as medications. Side effects and therapeutic plan (American
Psychiatric Association, 2013).
6. What are the most common differential diagnoses that you saw this week?
Bipolar (manic phase) and schizophrenia.
Anxiety with and without depression
Schizoaffective disorder and schizophrenia
7. How did you apply what you have learned?
Working with the patient supervised with my preceptor, getting more proficient with
documentation and assessments.
8. List one plan of care for one of the patients you saw this week, including all five aspects
of the plan.
21 year old male patient with a diagnosis of schizoaffective disorder.
SMART GOAL
START
DATE
DUE
DATE
Patient and her family/support system will develop a safety plan/no 5/18/2019
self-harm contract in next appointment.
5/25/2018
Patient will become involved for at least 20 minutes of physical
activity at least three times per week target date 4 weeks.
5/18/2019
6/12/2019
Patient will identify and learn at least 2 coping skills.
5/18/2019
5/25/2019
9. What have you seen in the clinical environment that we haven’t covered in the online
course?
Psychiatric mental health assessment and care planning. How to complete eLogs and what is
important.
References
American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 5th
ed. American Psychiatric Publishing, Arlington, VA; 2013

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In-Class Research Report 3: Experimental Study
? One paragraph about the ?design.
(Joceline)
This is a posttest-only between-subjects experiment that will be measuring the
causation of playing on aggression. Playing being our independent variable, was broken
down to three levels: solo, cooperative, and competitive. A constructed basketball game
was intervened by timing our participants ability to shoot basketballs inside a basketball
hoop. And a survey that was given to our participant after the basketball game is our
posttest . This helped us measure our dependent variable, aggression.
? This section will be a little more complicated than the previous
studies. You should be able to explain *what type* of
experiment you’re conducting (between vs. within subjects?
Pretest-posttest vs. posttest-only?). In addition, you should
be appropriately labeling the different levels of your
independent variable, as well as the IV and DV themselves.
? One paragraph about the ?participants?.?Alexis
? Who were your participants, and how were they selected (i.e., what
was your ?sampling strategy?)? In order to describe who you
actually ended up with, you should include any relevant
demographic information here, such as ages and genders, as well
as the total number of participants.
Our sample population consisted of males and females found at any park around
our communities. Each group member went to a local park with a basketball court, and
asked every other person they saw playing basketball. Each group member was to get
6 participants, 2 to play solo, 2 to play cooperative, and 2 to play competitive. We ended
up with a total of 43 participants (N=43). We did not have demographic questions on our
survey so we have no data pertaining to the age or gender of our participants. 15 of our
participants (34.9%) played competitively. 14 participants (32.6%) played solo. 14
participants (32.6%) played cooperatively.
? 1-3 paragraphs about your ?measures?. ?Amir & Joceline
Our group wanted to answer the question, does playing reduce aggression? We
defined aggression as someone who is confrontational or demonstrates violent
behavior. The two variables examined in this study were playing and aggression,
playing being our independent variable and aggression being our dependent variable.
We were able to manipulate our independent variable by creating a basketball game
and broke it down to three counterparts: a solo game, a cooperative game, and a
competitive game. In a solo game a participant was given 30 seconds to make 15
hoops from the free-throw line. In a competitive game 2 participants would race against
each other to shoot the most balls in the basketball hoop within 30 seconds, also from
the free-throw line. And in a cooperative game 2 participants would attempt to make 15
hoops together from the free-throw line within 30 seconds.
To measure our dependant variable we constructed an online survey that was
given to them when the game was over. This allowed our participants to let us know
how angry they felt while playing. A numerical value was assigned to each response
option: Not at all = 1, Maybe = 2, Most likely = 3, Yes =4 . We then added up their
points, the participant with the highest survey score represented high levels of
aggression. A participant with a low survey score represented low levels of aggression
while playing.
? Considering the variable that was being studied, you should be
able to clearly explain how it was measured.
? For this section especially, you should be prioritizing
replicability?–you should be providing enough information that
someone else could read about your study and conduct as close to
the same study as possible. What would they need to know in
order to do that?
? Remember that you’re only measuring your DV. You will
explain how the IV was manipulated in the next section.
? 1-3 paragraphs about the ?procedure?.?Yasi & Sheryn
? This should be a narrative: in a step-by-step description, how did
you conduct the study? (You can start from the point ?after? you’ve
selected a participant–your sampling strategy should already be
described in the Participants section.) What, exactly, did you and
your participants do at each step of the way?
? This should be a ?general? explanation of your procedure–please
don’t re-write this for every single participant. However, if there
were any noteworthy or unexpected things that occurred with any
of your participants, you can note them here.
? Make sure to explain how the study proceeded differently in
the different conditions of the IV. Also, make sure that you
explain how your participants were assigned to the different
conditions.
(Sheryn )
As a group we decided to see if aggression is reduced by playing games.
We each asked about six participants at the park; for the sake of
convenience sampling. Each participant is given fifteen chances to shoot
the ball into a basketball hoop, during this time, each conductor is
observing the participant for reactions during the game such as happy,
upset, disappointment, frustration, cursing, taunting, etc. Participants were
grouped into three different categories of basketball playing. (1)
Solo—where the participant gets fifteen chances to try and shoot a
basketball into a hoop by themselves, (2) Cooperative—where two
participants team up together and try to get as many basketballs into the
hoop for a max score of 30 points, (3) Competitive—where two
participants get 15 chances to see who score the most into the hoop. The
categories were given to participants in order; one solo participant , two
cooperative participants , two competitive participants until we had 31
participants.
? One paragraph about ?data analysis?.?Jyoti
The variables we measured to answer our research question included the scores
on the self-report survey for aggression. Aggression being our dependent variable and
playing being our independent variable. We divided our independent variable (playing)
into three levels: Solo playing, Cooperative playing, and Competitive playing. We
measured the mean and standard deviation for each level of our independent variable.
In addition we conducted the One-Way Anova for Independent measures to determine
whether there was a statistically significant difference between the means of the three
levels of our independent variable. We used the website “Social Science Statistics” to
calculate the One-way ANOVA calculator for independent measures.
? Before? you look at the data, explain what variables you will
analyze, and what statistical tests you will conduct. ?Why? are you
conducting these tests?
? If you performed any operation on your data, such as adding or
taking an average of responses to multiple questions, you should
describe this here.
? For this study, you will again be providing descriptive
statistics. In this case, however, you should be providing the
M and SD for the DV for each of your conditions of the IV.
? To compare these means, start with an ANOVA comparing all
three. This may be independent- or dependent-means,
depending on whether your experiment is between- or
within-subjects. *If* this test is statistically significant, you
should follow up with post-hoc comparisons–separate
ANOVAs (or t-tests) comparing just two means at a time. For
these post-hoc tests, you should use a corrected alpha level;
divide .05 (our desired alpha) by the number of post-hoc tests
you’re conducting, and compare the p values for these tests to
that value. (If the overall ANOVA is non-significant, you can
skip the post-hoc tests.)
? 1-2 paragraphs about the ?results?. ?Victor
? What were the data, and what do they say about your hypothesis?
You should be providing relevant descriptive statistics, results of
statistical tests, and a plain English description of what they mean.
? See “Reporting Statistics” below for examples of how to write up
specific statistical tests.
? In general, if you measured something, you should be reporting the
outcome here. Also, your results should correspond with the plan in
the previous section.
? Any ?appendices? (such as questionnaires, pictures, etc. that were used in the
study) should come at the end.
Reporting Statistics
? Commonly used abbreviations:
? N = number of participants (or observations), M = mean, SD =
standard deviation, ?p? = probability value
? ANOVA example:
? “There was an observed difference in number of puzzles solved
based on the room to which participants were assigned, ?F (? 2, 42) =
13.49, ?p ?=.000. Post-hoc t-tests showed that participants in the
green room solved significantly more puzzles (M =10.39, SD =
2.86) than those in the yellow room (M = 4.87, SD = 2.98), ?t? (48) =
-5.17, ?p? = .000. Those in the orange room also solved more
puzzles (M = 8.11, SD = 2.93) than those in the yellow room, ?t? (48)
= -3.001, ?p? = .006. Numerically, participants in the green room
solved more puzzles than those in the orange room, ?t? (48) = 2.156,
p ?= .040, but with a Bonferroni corrected a value of .017 this
difference was no longer significant.”
Particpants
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
Mean:
SD:
N
?X
Mean
?X2
Std.Dev.
Solo Play Score (IV 1)
6
8
10
6
6
9
12
9
15
11
8
9
11
11
6
6
8.9375
2.644963768
IV 1
16
143
8.9375
1383
2.645
Cooperative Play Score (IV 2) Competitive Play Score (IV 3)
6
6
6
6
6
7
6
6
10
21
9
12
9
9
7
15
10
20
9
14
10
11
10
9
9
8
13
9
13
10
9
12
8.875
10.9375
2.247220505
4.625563029
Summary of Data
Treatments
IV 2
16
142
8.875
1336
2.2472
Result Details
IV 3
16
175
10.9375
2235
4.6256
Total
48
460
9.583
4954
3.4073
Source
SS
df
Between-treatments
44.0417
2
Within-treatments
501.625
45
Total
545.6667
47
The f-ratio value is 1.97546. The p-value is .150544. The result is not significant at p < .05.
MS
22.0208
11.1472
F = 1.97546

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